Building a More Resilient Approach to ELL Field Experience in Teacher Education

This chapter examines different models of field experiences in a teacher education program designed for resiliency in response to the challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the mentoring experiences of preservice teachers in each model. The chapter begins with an introduction to a general impact of the pandemic on teacher education, particularly on its field experience components, and provides a question that guides research reported in this chapter. The introduction is followed by a review of literature on how preservice teachers have been mentored in their field experiences. Then a methodology section describes one teacher education course as a site for data collection and the tools and procedure for data collection and analysis. Next, the research findings are presented in two parts, the survey results on the demography of the participants and their different models of field experience and the results from the follow-up interviews on the participants’ perceptions of their mentoring experiences. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion and implication of the findings for preservice teacher education post-pandemic. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Chang Pu and Wayne E. Wright;individual chapters, the contributors.

Antithrombotics and antihistamine use correlated with increased COVID-19 severity. Antithrombotics and antihistamine use correlated with increased COVID-19 severity

Background: Many medications have been investigated for use in COVID-19 with anticoagulants being recommended as thromboprophylaxis in hospitals. Aim(s): To investigate the effect of prophylactic and prescribed medication on COVID-19 severity. Method(s): An online survey was used to collect patient data relating to medication use prior to COVID-19 diagnosis in recovered patients. Statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA and t-test. This was an international retrospective cohort study approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Human Research Ethics Committee. Result(s): 685 participants representing 32 countries responded (age range 18-78 yrs). Antiplatelet and antithrombotic medication was associated with more severe disease, (28% severe vs. 8% mild). Aspirin and ibuprofen use after diagnosis was associated with increased length of disease;(aspirin 54.5 +/- 3.1 days;control 34.8 +/- 2.7 days, (P < 0.05);ibuprofen 54.7 +/- 6.6 days;control 31.8 +/- 2.8 days, P < 0.05). There was an increase in disease severity for patients taking antihistamines both before and after diagnosis (severe 28%, mild 7%;severe 33% mild 10%, respectively). Antihistamine use was associated with longer disease presentation in both groups (before diagnosis: antihistamine 47.5 +/- 7.9 days, control 35.4 +/- 2.7 days, P < 0.01;after diagnosis 51.9 +/- 5.9 days, control 30.8 +/- 2.6 days P < 0.05). Conclusion(s): We anticipated a prophylactic effect of antithrombotic use prior to infection, however, these data do not support this. The association of ibuprofen and aspirin with severe presentation is likely due to their use for patients with more severe COVID-19 or an underlying condition. Antihistamines inhibit the mast cell response which is important for fighting both the initial infection and the subsequent response. These results indicate that antithrombotics should only be used where there is an indicated thrombotic risk and antihistamines should be used with caution. Further work is required in a larger clinical study to confirm these findings.

RETURN TO LIFE: A CASE OF THE LAZARUS PHENOMENON

SESSION TITLE: Shock and Sepsis in the ICU Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: The Lazarus Phenomenon, also known as auto-resuscitation, is a rare event where cessation of CPR results in a delayed return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The phenomenon was named after the story of Lazarus, who was restored to life four days after death. We present a case of a 78-year-old male who presented to the hospital for septic shock and had intra-hospital cardiac arrest with ROSC after cessation of CPR. CASE PRESENTATION: 78 year old male with a medical history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, stage IIIA NSCLC and COPD, presented for progressive dyspnea. He complains of feeling weak with loss of appetite and had a recent mechanical fall. Initial vital signs were temperature 96F, BP 141/78, HR 75 bpm, RR 18/min, SaO2 100% on 2LNC. Initial labs showed lactic acid 11.6, BUN 55, creatinine 3.7, CO2 9, anion gap 25, AST 2654, ALT 2120, ALP 159, total bilirubin 0.8, troponin <0.1, CK 399, INR 4.2, PTT 36, WBC 16.5, Hb 10.8, and plt 202. COVID-19 testing was negative. CXR demonstrated a retro-cardiac opacity consistent with previous diagnosis of lung cancer versus a dense consolidation. He was started on antibiotics for sepsis and admitted to the ICU for his metabolic status and shock liver. He remained hemodynamically stable for a few hours until a he had sudden onset of unresponsiveness with asystole. Code blue was called. Repeat labs demonstrated lactic acid 15.5, potassium 6.3, CO2 9. He underwent resuscitation for 32 minutes when compressions were stopped. Within 5 minutes post arrest, sinus activity was noted on the cardiac monitor. The patient had a radial pulse on evaluation. Manual blood pressure measurement was 119/71 with a HR of 99. Arterial blood gas after ROSC showed a pH 7.0, pCO2 68, pO2 273, HCO3 16, lactic acid 19. A few hours later, the patient rapidly de-compensated and underwent resuscitation for a second time. Efforts were deemed futile and the patient expired. DISCUSSION: The physiologic description of the Lazarus phenomenon is yet to be fully elucidated. Hypotheses include auto-PEEP due to rapid manual ventilation generating increased intrathoracic pressure and decreased venous return, delayed drug effect and stunned myocardium during active chest compressions (1). Once chest compressions and positive pressure ventilation via manual bag-mask stops, sudden decrease in intrathoracic pressure allows for sudden venous return and re-perfusion of cardiac tissue, resulting in ROSC in some cases. A recent literature review cited 65 published cases over the past 30 years with the most common rhythm being asystole (2). Most cases of auto-resuscitation occurred between 5-10 minutes post stopping of chest compressions (2). Mortality of these cases were 70% post resuscitation (2). CONCLUSIONS: It is important for clinicians to be aware of the Lazarus phenomenon post resuscitative efforts and to observe patients carefully post resuscitation. Reference #1: Adhiyaman V, Adhiyaman S, Sundaram R. The Lazarus phenomenon. J R Soc Med. 2007;100(12):552-557. doi:10.1177/0141076807100012013 Reference #2: Gordon, L., Pasquier, M., Brugger, H. et al. Autoresuscitation (Lazarus phenomenon) after termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - a scoping review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 28, 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-019-0685-4 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Vincent Chan No relevant relationships by Mackenzie Kramer No relevant relationships by Nathaniel Rosal No relevant relationships by Laura Walters No relevant relationships by William Ward

MISTAKING CRYPTOGENIC-ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA (COP) FOR COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP) IN A CENTENARIAN

SESSION TITLE: Critical Diffuse Lung Disease Cases 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Recurrent episodes of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) have been shown to be common in elderly patients. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is an interstitial lung disease that is often mistaken for pneumonia, especially in the older population. Here, we present a 100-year-old woman diagnosed with COP after multiple failed courses of antibiotics for CAP. CASE PRESENTATION: A 100-year-old female with a history of cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia previously on prednisone, who presented with shortness of breath and non-productive cough. CT of the chest showed dense left upper and lower lobe consolidations. She was admitted 2 months prior with similar symptoms and found to have extensive right sided consolidations with concerns of CAP. She was treated with antibiotics without resolution of her symptoms. CXR from two years prior revealed right upper and right lower lobe consolidations. This admission, she was started on antibiotics with no improvement and required supplemental oxygen. She had no leukocytosis. COVID-19 testing was negative and she was unable to produce any sputum for culture. The patient declined bronchoscopy. She was seen by speech and swallow with no concern for aspiration. Prednisone was started empirically for COP and the patient experienced rapid improvement in symptoms and oxygenation. Ultimately, she was discharged on 20 mg of prednisone daily as well as Bactrim for PCP prophylaxis. She continued a slow taper as an outpatient with overall improvement in her clinical symptoms. Serial CT scans demonstrate complete resolution of the infiltrates with no recurrence or new infiltrates. DISCUSSION: Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is a rare interstitial lung disease known to affect bronchioles and alveoli. Its etiology is unclear and symptoms often mimic other types of infectious pneumonia leading to frequent mis-diagnosis. The average age of onset is typically 50-60. Establishing this diagnosis can be difficult due to the non-specific symptomatology of dry cough and dyspnea. Bronchoscopy with lavage and transbronchial biopsies can be performed to rule out infectious and non-infectious etiologies but is not necessary for diagnosis. The most common radiographic pattern is multifocal asymmetrical parenchymal consolidations with air bronchograms that tend to migrate and appear in different sites over time. Less common presentations include ground glass opacities, nodular densities, and progressive fibrotic patterns. Steroids with a slow taper as outpatient are mainstay of therapy and the majority of patients respond with symptom and radiographic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: While elderly patients are particularly susceptible to recurrent CAP, the diagnosis of COP should be considered part of the differential diagnosis in those with recurrent unexplained consolidations on chest radiography without an infectious etiology. Reference #1: Hedlund J, Kalin M, Ortqvist A. Recurrence of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly adults after hospital-treated pneumonia: aetiology and predisposing conditions. Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(4):387-92. doi: 10.3109/00365549709011836. PMID: 9360255. Reference #2: Tiralongo F, Palermo M, Distefano G, et al. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia: Evolution of Morphological Patterns Assessed by HRCT. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(5):262. Published 2020 Apr 29. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10050262 Reference #3: Lee JW, Lee KS, Lee HY, Chung MP, Yi CA, Kim TS, Chung MJ. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: serial high-resolution CT findings in 22 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Oct;195(4):916-22. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3940. PMID: 20858818. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Vincent Chan No relevant relationships by Mackenzie Kramer No relevant relationships by John Madara No relevant relationships by Stephanie Tzarnas No relevant relationships by Laura Walters

Short Term Outcomes of Urological Cancers During COVID-19, an Analysis of the COVIDSurg-Cancer Study

Aim We assessed the short-term outcomes and characteristics of urological cancer patients operated on during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time these outcomes are assessed in urological patients on a large scale. Method All bladder, kidney, and prostate cancer patients who underwent elective cancer surgery between March 2020 and July 2020 in the international COVIDSurg-Cancer collaborative database were included in the study. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were respiratory complications within 30-days and the factors associated with COVID-19 infection. Results A total of 1,902 patients were included in the study. A total of 21 (0.1%) mortalities and 40 (0.2%) respiratory complications (acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia) were observed within 30-days of operation. Mortality was more likely in patients aged 80 or above, ASA grade 3 or 4, ECOG grade 1 or above, undergoing major surgery, and amongst patients who had concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 31.9, 95%CI 12.4–81.42, p<0.001;univariable logistic regression). Respiratory complications were more likely in patients aged over 70, from an area with high community risk, with a revised cardiac risk index of 1 or higher or with a concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 40.6, 95%CI 11.41–144.45, p<0.001;multivariate). A total of 42 (0.2%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their inpatient stay;designated COVID-19 sites were not associated with increased COVID-19 infections. Conclusions Major urological cancer surgeries are safe to perform during the COVID-19 pandemic on well-selected patients with appropriate risk-stratification. Concurrent COVID-19 infection is associated with a higher risk of mortality and respiratory complications.

UROLOGICAL CANCERS DURING COVID-19: ANALYSES OF SHORT-TERM OUTCOMES FROM THE COVIDSURG-CANCER STUDY

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 has caused significant disruption to the management of urological cancer, this study aims to assess 30-day postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing urological cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: COVIDSurg study is the largest international, multicentre study of COVID-19 in surgical patients performed to date. COVIDSurg-Cancer explored the safety of performing elective cancer surgery during the pandemic. All bladder, kidney, UTUC and prostate cancer patients who underwent elective cancer surgery between March 2020 and July 2020 were included. Univariable and multivariable regression was performed to assess association of patient factors with mortality, respiratory complications and operative complications. RESULTS: A total of 1,902 patients from 36 countries were included. 658 (34.6%) patients had bladder cancer, 590 (31.0%) kidney cancer or UTUC, and 654 (34.4%) prostate cancer. These patients underwent elective curative surgery for their cancers (prostatectomies, nephrectomies, cystectomies, nephroureterectomy, TURBTs). 62% of sites were not designated “hot” COVID-19 sites (i.e. did not actively admit patients with COVID-19).A total of 42/1902 (0.2%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their inpatient stay. 21 (0.1%) mortalities were observed;of those, 8 (38.1%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Mortalities were found to be more likely in patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 31.7, 95% CI 12.4- 81.42, p<0.001), aged over 80, ASA grade 3+ and ECOG grade 1+. 40 (0.2%) respiratory complications (acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia) were observed within 30 days of surgery. Respiratory complications were more likely in patients aged with concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 40.6, 95%CI 11.41-144.45, p<0.001), over 70, from an area with high community risk or with a revised cardiac risk index of 1+. There were 84 major complications (Clavien-Dindo score ≥3). Patients with a concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 7.45, 95% CI 2.73-20.3, p<0.001) or aged 80 or above were more likely to experience major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Elective urological cancer surgeries are safe to perform during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study highlights important risk-factors associated with worse outcomes. Our data can inform health services to safely select patients for surgery during the pandemic. Patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection have a higher risk of mortality and respiratory complications and should not undergo surgery if possible.

Short term outcomes of urological cancers during COVID-19, an analysis of the covidsurg-cancer study

Aim: We assessed the short-term outcomes and characteristics of urological cancer patients operated on during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time these outcomes are assessed in urological patients on a large scale. Method: All bladder, kidney, and prostate cancer patients who underwent elective cancer surgery between March 2020 and July 2020 in the international COVIDSurg-Cancer collaborative database were included in the study. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were respiratory complications within 30-days and the factors associated with COVID-19 infection. Results: A total of 1,902 patients were included in the study. A total of 21 (0.1%) mortalities and 40 (0.2%) respiratory complications (acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia) were observed within 30-days of operation. Mortality was more likely in patients aged 80 or above, ASA grade 3 or 4, ECOG grade 1 or above, undergoing major surgery, and amongst patients who had concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 31.9, 95%CI 12.4-81.42, p<0.001;univariable logistic regression). Respiratory complications were more likely in patients aged over 70, from an area with high community risk, with a revised cardiac risk index of 1 or higher or with a concurrent COVID-19 infection (OR 40.6, 95% CI 11.41-144.45, p<0.001;multivariate). A total of 42 (0.2%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their inpatient stay;designated COVID-19 sites were not associated with increased COVID-19 infections. Conclusions: Major urological cancer surgeries are safe to perform during the COVID-19 pandemic on well-selected patients with appropriate risk-stratification. Concurrent COVID-19 infection is associated with a higher risk of mortality and respiratory complications.

Air dispersal of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residential care homes for the elderly: implications for transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are rampant in hospitals and residential care homes for the elderly (RCHEs). AIM: To analyse the prevalence of MRSA colonization among residents and staff, and degree of environmental contamination and air dispersal of MRSA in RCHEs. METHODS: Epidemiological and genetic analysis by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in 12 RCHEs in Hong Kong. FINDINGS: During the COVID-19 pandemic (from September to October 2021), 48.7% (380/781) of RCHE residents were found to harbour MRSA at any body site, and 8.5% (8/213) of staff were nasal MRSA carriers. Among 239 environmental samples, MRSA was found in 39.0% (16/41) of randomly selected resident rooms and 31.3% (62/198) of common areas. The common areas accessible by residents had significantly higher MRSA contamination rates than those that were not accessible by residents (37.2%, 46/121 vs. 22.1%, 17/177, P=0.028). Of 124 air samples, nine (7.3%) were MRSA-positive from four RCHEs. Air dispersal of MRSA was significantly associated with operating indoor fans in RCHEs (100%, 4/4 vs. 0%, 0/8, P=0.002). WGS of MRSA isolates collected from residents, staff and environmental and air samples showed that ST 1047 (CC1) lineage 1 constituted 43.1% (66/153) of all MRSA isolates. A distinctive predominant genetic lineage of MRSA in each RCHE was observed, suggestive of intra-RCHE transmission rather than clonal acquisition from the catchment hospital. CONCLUSION: MRSA control in RCHEs is no less important than in hospitals. Air dispersal of MRSA may be an important mechanism of dissemination in RCHEs with operating indoor fans.

Neural inverse optimal control applied to design therapeutic options for patients with COVID-19

In this paper we apply an inverse optimal controller (IOC) based on a control Lyapunov function (CLF) to schedule theoretical therapies for the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This controller can represent the viral dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the host. The virus dynamics consider the antiviral effects and immune responses as control inputs. The proposed controller is based on a Recurrent High Order Neural Network (RHONN) used as an identifier trained with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Simulations show that applying treatment 2 days post symptoms would not significantly alter the viral load. The proposed controller to stimulate the immune response displays a better effectiveness compared to the effectiveness displayed by the antiviral effects.

VACCINATED WITH A TWIST: BREAKTHROUGH COVID-19 IN AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT

TOPIC: Chest Infections TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: With ongoing efforts to vaccinate the public against SARS-CoV2, there have been reports of breakthrough COVID-19 cases. We report a case of an immunocompromised patient who was infected despite being fully vaccinated. CASE PRESENTATION: 63-year-old female with COPD, rheumatoid arthritis on abatacept, prednisone, & methotrexate (MTX), and Sweet syndrome presented to the ED with acute non-exertional chest pain, palpitations, and dyspnea at rest. She denied fevers or chills but reported diarrhea and vomiting. She had no history of or exposure to COVID-19 and had completed her 2-dose mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination 45 days prior. On presentation she was in respiratory distress, hypotensive, tachycardic, and tachypneic. She was saturating at 86% on room air, requiring supplemental O2. Physical exam was significant for scattered bilateral wheezes. CBC showed no leukocytosis. CRP was elevated. Lactic acid, ferritin and LDH were within normal limits. D-dimer was higher than the age-adjusted cutoff;CTA of the chest revealed no PE but showed bilateral ground glass opacities with consolidations. She tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. She was admitted for severe sepsis from COVID-19 pneumonitis and started on dexamethasone and remdesivir. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were positive. Given her immunocompromised status, bronchoscopy with BAL was performed and revealed copious thick secretions. Gram stain and bronchial brushings were negative for bacterial etiologies. Lavage culture was positive for aspergillus antigen and cytology revealed markedly enlarged reactive cells. Galactomannan serum antigen was positive. She was discharged on day 9 with a prolonged course of voriconazole. She had residual dyspnea on exertion but did not require supplemental O2. A nasal swab to test for variant strains was still pending. DISCUSSION: The COVID vaccine proved effective in preventing severe COVID-19 infections but trials excluded immunocompromised patients. This case of infection despite vaccination and detectable IgG titers reveals suboptimal protection. From data on pre-existing vaccines in immunocompromised patients, MTX is known to reduce immunogenicity. Our patient remained on immunosuppressants after vaccination, which may have contributed to her subsequent viral and fungal infections. Rheumatology guidelines suggest holding MTX for one to two weeks after vaccination to improve vaccine response. Employing this strategy will maximize immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised patients. CONCLUSIONS: The American College of Rheumatology recommends vaccinating patients with rheumatological conditions against SARS-CoV-2. This case highlights individual patient factors to consider in the battle against COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. Non-viral infections must also be considered despite the ongoing pandemic. Determining protective antibody titers can guide booster vaccine recommendations. REFERENCE #1: Sonani B, Aslam F, Goyal A, Patel J, Bansal P. COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(2):797-798. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05547-w REFERENCE #2: Day AL, Winthrop KL, Curtis JR. The effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on vaccine immunogenicity in adults. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020;87(11):695-703. Published 2020 Nov 2. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.20056 REFERENCE #3: COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance Summaryfor Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Vernon Chan, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Dana Daoud, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Jeet Lund, source=Web Response

USE OF CRESCENT JUGULAR CATHETER IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE COVID-19 REQUIRING EXTENDED ECMO SUPPORT

TOPIC: Critical Care TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: ECMO has long been used in the ICU as a salvage or bridge therapy for selected ICU patients. There had been a variety of cannulas available in the market. We report 2 cases with positive outcomes associated with the use of jugular dual lumen cannula. CASE PRESENTATION: An obese 42-year-old obese female, with PMH of hypothyroidism and ulcerative colitis, was admitted for acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Patient underwent conventional treatment at the time (dexamethasone, remdesivir, convalescent plasma and antibiotics) for COVID-19 but was ultimately intubated on day 8 due to profound hypoxia requiring VV ECMO on day 10. She remained on full ECMO support until day 56. Her FiO2 was eventually weaned down to 21% but she continued to require a sweep of 3L secondary to profound muscular weakness and obesity. After transitioning to the jugular dual lumen cannula on day 75 for long-term ECMO, her sedation was weaned down, that allowed participation of physical therapy. She was decannulated on day 94 and was discharged to LTAC on day 100. A 48-year-old female was tested positive for COVID-19 after being exposed 12 days before. Due to worsening symptoms, she eventually sought care at the hospital. Despite the standard treatment, her respiratory status continued to worsen. She was intubated on Day 2 before receiving full support on VV ECMO on day 6. Despite effort to wean down to FiO2 of 21%, she still required a sweep of 1L. After being transitioned to a jugular dual lumen cannula on day 71, she was weaned off of sedation and able to participate in therapy. She was eventually decannulated on day 79, and discharged to a rehab facility on day 85 to continue her recovery. DISCUSSION: Transition from a dual cannula ECMO system to a single cannula ECMO system allowed increased mobility and participation of physical therapy while in the ICU for patients requiring extended time on ECMO. Study has suggested a reduction of up to 35% in muscle mass among ECMO patients by day 20 of their cannulation. In an economic study performing on transplant patients, a 73% reduction in post-transplant ICU cost was reported for those who underwent rehabilitation while being supported on ECMO. Both studies demonstrated the potential benefits with promoting early rehabilitation for ECMO patients. Regarding the technique involved, there was a recent report of a similar transition without any ECMO interruption, allowing the patient uninterrupted time on ECMO while benefiting from early rehab. CONCLUSIONS: We present two cases of severe COVID-19 patients with an extended period of time on VV ECMO became severely debilitated. They were transitioned to a jugular dual lumen cannula, allowing early participation in rehab, resulting in their eventual discharge. These cases demonstrated these cannulas were valuable tool to reduce patients' reliance on support, before being transitioned off of ECMO. REFERENCE #1: Hayes K, Holland AE, Pellegrino VA, Mathur S, Hodgson CL. Acute skeletal muscle wasting and relation to physical function in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). J Crit Care. 2018;48:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.08.002 REFERENCE #2: Bain JC, Turner DA, Rehder KJ, et al. Economic Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation With and Without Ambulation as a Bridge to Lung Transplantation. Respir Care. 2016;61(1):1-7. doi:10.4187/respcare.03729 REFERENCE #3: Chan EG, Chan PG, Harano T, Sanchez PG. Transition of femoral-jugular to dual-stage left subclavian without discontinuation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Card Surg. 2020;35(10):2794-2797. doi:10.1111/jocs.14881 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Vernon Chan, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Marina Dolina, source=Web Response

OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 ON ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATIONS IN SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA

TOPIC: Chest Infections TYPE: Original Investigations PURPOSE: The controversy surrounding the association of ACE inhibitor (ACEi) use in the COVID-19 pandemic has been well documented. Since then, studies have been published refuting the findings. While there was a recent study in France on hypertensive patients on one of ACEi, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) or calcium channel blocker (CCB), we performed a retrospective study reviewing the outcomes (i.e. admissions, readmission and mortality) associated with COVID-19 patients and their use of anti-hypertensive medications (anti-HTNs), specifically ACEi/ARB, thiazides, beta blocker (BB) and CCB, to look at the outcomes associated with their use, regardless of their roles in anti-hypertensive management. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on patients with a positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test since January 2019. 606 adult patients were randomly selected. Data on demographics, co-morbidities, admission status, length of stay, types of anti-hypertensives and outcomes were collected and reviewed. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated the use of ACEi (24.1%) and thiazides (17.5%) had a reduced rate of admission when compared to patients on BB (32.3%) or CCB (32.4%). It should be noted thiazides were not as widely used (n = 63) in our population. Thus, it was not possible to comment on whether its use had a role in preventing hospitalization. Among the agents, ACEi is widely used for a multitude of diseases. As a result, it is often a first line agent employed by many, which was consistent with the data (n = 294) collected in this study. Interestingly, when assessing readmission rates, ACEi had the lowest percentage (8.1%;6/74) among the classes (BB 13.3%;8/60, CCB 18.4%;7/38, Thiazide 15.4%;2/13). Its judicious use and lower rates of admission and readmission were perhaps a compliment to the fine work by the physicians involved in their care.For mortality, there was a minimal percentage difference across the classes (ACEi 25.7%, BB 23.3%, CCB 23.7%, thiazides 23.1%). While there was a difference in number of patients across all four medications, the similar mortality suggested the co-morbidities, rather than the medications, may have a stronger influence on the outcomes in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated ACEi had a reduced rate of admission and the lowest rate of readmission compared to patients on BB or CCB. There was no difference in mortality across all four anti-hypertensive classes. We believe studies assessing co-morbidities while controlling for anti-hypertensive use could be beneficial in further our understanding in predicting outcomes of COVID-19 patients. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: ACEi use did not appear to have higher admission rates than other anti-hypertensives. Its use resulted in the lowest re-admission rates. The use of specific anti-hypertensive class had no bearing on mortality rates of COVID-19 patients. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ali AKRAM, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Vernon Chan, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Dana Daoud, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Olufunmilayo Folaranmi, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Christopher Hemsley, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Hafiza Wajeeha Javaid, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Sarah Maurice, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Junaid mir, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Aisha Parihar, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Britney Plotnick, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Jayaram Thimmapuram, source=Web Response

IN A TIME OF VIRAL SPREAD, DON'T FORGET THE USUAL SUSPECTS

TOPIC: Critical Care TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of lung malignancy can often be incidental. We present a hemodynamically unstable patient with COVID-19 and pericardial effusion, subsequently diagnosed with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old male with no significant medical history was diagnosed with COVID-19 two weeks prior to presentation. He had dyspnea on exertion since that time and presented to the hospital after having an abnormal CXR and leukocytosis on out-patient testing. His blood pressure was 95/68 with a heart rate of 129. EKG revealed atrial fibrillation and electrical alternans. He had mildly elevated BNP and troponin, with lactic acidosis. Bilateral opacities were noted on CXR. A large effusion concerning for tamponade was noted on bedside echo. He underwent immediate pericardiocentesis and had 2L serosanguinous fluid drained. After initial stabilization, he was found to have extensive bilateral lower extremity DVT and PE.Repeat TTE showed residual effusion with tamponade physiology observed. Despite the findings on imaging, a pericardial window was not pursued due to concerns of anesthesia induction in the setting of a new PE. He underwent placement of a pericardial drain instead. After the procedure, heparin drip was initiated with an IVC filter placed soon after. The patient eventually had a pericardial window placed. His arrhythmia was chemically converted back to sinus rhythm. On POD5, the drains were removed.Autoimmune workup of the fluid was within normal limits, but cytology resulted in a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma positive for TTF-1. Thus, he was diagnosed with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung. CT revealed multiple lytic lesions with diffuse lymphadenopathy. MRI showed no evidence of brain metastasis. He was transitioned to apixaban at discharge, with out-patient oncology follow-up. DISCUSSION: A small study of 31 patients showed pericardial effusion was an independent risk factor predicting severity of COVID-19 infection, with reports of the virus being detected in pericardial fluid.[1,2] While virus infection can cause pericardial effusion, other causes should not be ignored in the workup. With hemodynamic instability, immediate intervention is warranted despite the risk involved with pericardiocentesis. In patients with large volume of pericardial effusion extracted, 5% of them will suffer from paradoxical hemodynamic instability and pulmonary edema afterwards, a condition known as pericardial decompression syndrome.[3] The increased venous return after decompression will compress the LV, based on the principle of ventricular coupling, reducing the cardiac output. Treatment for this condition is supportive. CONCLUSIONS: While COVID-19 is known to cause pericardial effusion, other causes, such as malignancy, should not be forgotten and should always remain in our differential. The risk involved with immediate pericardiocentesis goes beyond cardiac injury. REFERENCE #1: Chen Q, Xu L, Dai Y, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations in severe and critical patients with COVID -19. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(7):796-802. REFERENCE #2: Farina A, Uccello G, Spreafico M, Bassanelli G, Savonitto S. SARS-CoV-2 detection in the pericardial fluid of a patient with cardiac tamponade. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:100-101. REFERENCE #3: Prabhakar Y, Goyal A, Khalid N, et al. Pericardial decompression syndrome: A comprehensive review. World J Cardiol. 2019;11(12):282-291. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Rumon Chakravarty, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Vernon Chan, source=Web Response

Air dispersal of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: implications for nosocomial transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIM: To describe the nosocomial transmission of Air, multidrug-resistant, Acinetobacter baumannii, nosocomial, COVID-19 Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB) in an open-cubicle neurology ward with low ceiling height, where MRAB isolates collected from air, commonly shared items, non-reachable high-level surfaces and patients were analysed epidemiologically and genetically by whole-genome sequencing. This is the first study to understand the genetic relatedness of air, environmental and clinical isolates of MRAB in the outbreak setting. FINDINGS: Of 11 highly care-dependent patients with 363 MRAB colonization days during COVID-19 pandemic, 10 (90.9%) and nine (81.8%) had cutaneous and gastrointestinal colonization, respectively. Of 160 environmental and air samples, 31 (19.4%) were MRAB-positive. The proportion of MRAB-contaminated commonly shared items was significantly lower in cohort than in non-cohort patient care (0/10, 0% vs 12/18, 66.7%; P<0.001). Air dispersal of MRAB was consistently detected during but not before diaper change in the cohort cubicle by 25-min air sampling (4/4,100% vs 0/4, 0%; P=0.029). The settle plate method revealed MRAB in two samples during diaper change. The proportion of MRAB-contaminated exhaust air grills was significantly higher when the cohort cubicle was occupied by six MRAB patients than when fewer than six patients were cared for in the cubicle (5/9, 55.6% vs 0/18, 0%; P=0.002). The proportion of MRAB-contaminated non-reachable high-level surfaces was also significantly higher when there were three or more MRAB patients in the cohort cubicle (8/31, 25.8% vs 0/24, 0%; P=0.016). Whole-genome sequencing revealed clonality of air, environment, and patients' isolates, suggestive of air dispersal of MRAB. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the view that patient cohorting in enclosed cubicles with partitions and a closed door is preferred if single rooms are not available.

Delayed Surgery for localised prostate cancer: A systematic review for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The risks of delaying cancer surgery and the best management for these patients during COVID-19 is unknown. This systematic review aims to compare outcomes of patients with localised prostate cancer (PCa) who experienced any delay of radical prostatectomy (RP) (including surgical waiting times and use of neoadjuvant hormone therapy [NHT]), compared to those who underwent immediate RP. Methods: MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched for studies pertaining to the review question. Outcomes included (Biochemical) Recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, overall survival and positive surgical margin (PSM). Results: 4,120 studies were retrieved. 36 observational studies investigated the effects of delayed RP. A variety of PCa risks and delay periods contributed to considerable heterogeneity in the include studies. When stratifying by PCa risk groups, low risk PCa (Grade Group [GG] 1) can be delayed safely from at least 26 weeks to 2.6 years, without significant effects on all outcomes. Similarly, RP can be safely delayed for 6 to 9 months in intermediate risk patients (GG 2/3). In high-risk patients (GG 4/5), the delay of RP for 2 or more months tends to associate with worsen recurrences, hence NHT should be considered. Ten RCTs show 3-months of NHT is non-inferior for oncological outcomes and superior for PSM compared to immediate RP. The risk of biases of the included studies ranged from low to serious risk. Conclusion: RP is safe to be delayed in low-risk and intermediate-risk PCa patients. High-risk patients should be offered NHT;there is no sufficient evidence extending NHT over 3-months.